Q Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Q - Thesis Example This can be because agility is still new in the world of manufacturing. Nevertheless, it has existed since the 1980s (Garbie, Parsaei, and Leep 2) and has been practiced by manufacturing firms. Agile manufacturing system is similar to value management in the context of concept and purpose. Agile focuses on decreasing time, achieving customer’s satisfaction through fast and quick delivery of products and services, and minimizing surplus inventory. Businesses and organizations of the age of globalization employ many strategies to improve their agility level. Improving organizational strategies, business concepts and innovations, value management and value engineering in construction, are just a few of these innovations. Value management addresses problems which are still unknown but can be addressed to properly when the time comes. It is being conducted by a value management team composed of the stakeholders of the project who use materials and procedures that would provide optimum benefits. All stakeholders have to work together as a team to enforce the necessary measures to minimize unnecessary cost and optimize value for the project. Petroleum companies need innovations as the industry is labor-intensive and requires a great amount of capital in running the business. Reducing operating costs is one of the strategies of petroleum companies. In the corporate world, they have almost the same concept of agility, which is cutting costs and then lowering the operating expenses, and adding the saved money to expenses for the sales force and research and development, or for other important activities in the business. (Graham, Ware, and Williamson 31) Humans create knowledge in social interactions. Petroleum companies create knowledge structures, places and mechanisms for the creation of knowledge, whether this is through the interaction of employees and

Preparing to Conduct Business Research Essay Example for Free

Preparing to Conduct Business Research Essay The Fitbit Company is always in search of new ideas and products to develop to meet an ever evolving technology market. In order for the company to achieve success, there must be constant research, innovation, and market strategy. The Fitbit product is the flagship of the company and enjoys enormous popularity. However, in order to keep the product relevant, new ideas must be brought to the table. The designer Fitbit will be the newest product in a successful line of devices. In order for the product to be successful, a roadmap will need to be laid out showing how the company will prepare for the production and release of the product. Anytime a new product is planned to be marketed, business research is conducted to allow leadership the opportunity to make sound decisions about the device. The new designer Fitbit will reenergize the Fitbit line creating new buzz about the existing technology. It will also fill a space in the market for consumer who want the utility of the Fitbit with the style of a designer watch. Finally, it will help boost current sales by bringing in a new consumer base that was previously untapped. One of the most important ways by which the company can satisfy these objectives is through the use of strict and professional business research. Reference Cooper, D.R., Schindler, P.S. (2014). Business Research Methods (12th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

Hades Essay -- essays research papers

The ancient Greeks portrayed the underworld as a place for all the dead and clearly visualized it in their myths and legends. The underworld in Greek mythology was not a lively place, for it was where all the dead souls went. When a person died, the soul would be sent to Hades, a more formal name for the underworld. "The dead would go to Hades because there was no annihilation in the Greek mythology. The dead are dead because they have a flavorless and unhappy existence". The primary ruling god of the underworld is Hades whose brother is Zeus, king of the gods, and whose parents are Cronus and Rhea. Hades is a greedy god with his greatest concern being to increase the number of his subjects. He is very stubborn about letting people out of the underworld. Hades himself, rarely leaves the underworld. In one myth, however, we know of a time when he did leave his soulful domain. Hades became very lonely in the underworld, and went above and kidnapped Demeter’s daughter, Persephone, for his wife.Persephone, nonetheless, was not Hades’ only significant other. Hades had a mistress called Minthe whom Persephone later transformed into a plant. Hades is also known as the god of wealth due to the precious metals mined from the earth. He has been said to possess a helmet that was given to him by the Cyclops. This helmet has been said to make him invisible. Hades lent it to gods and mortal men. Perseus used the helmet on his quest for Medusa’s head and Athena, goddess of battle skills, put to use the helmet so the god of war, Ares, could not notice her. Persephone, Hades’ wife, is the goddess of spring and the Queen of the underworld. She resides in the underworld for only six months of the year due to Hades kidnapping her. She was told not to eat anything for then she would have to remain in the underworld. While in the underworld, Persephone consumed six pomegranate seeds. Her mother Demeter, goddess of agriculture, threw a fit. Demeter complained to her brother Zeus. To be fair, Zeus stated that Persephone would have to remain in the underworld one month per seed each year. So, Persephone now resides in the underworld six months out of every year. When the Olympians overthrew their father Cronus, the Olympians drew straws to see who would rule what part of world. Even though Hades, also known as the Roman God Pluto, drew the straw for the underworld, there... ...h crystal windows; and because there is little or no sunshine thereabouts, the apartments are illuminated with diamond lamps. One tradition involving the underworld occurs above Hades. When a person died someone would place a coin under the tongue of the victim. Charon, the ferryman, would not take any soul across the River Styx who did not have the coin. Those who didn’t would roam the banks of the river for eternity. Achilles once said to Odysseus when he entered the underworld on his journey home to Ithaca "Do not speak soothingly to me of death, glorious Odysseus. I should choose to serve as the hireling of another, rather than to be lord over the dead that have perished". In reference to the River of Forgetfulness, Plato said "They were all required to drink a measure of the water, and those who were not saved by their good sense, drank more than the measure, and each one as he drank forgot all things". Therefore, the Underworld was a place of internity. The Greeks believed strongly of the Underworld and displayed it in their myths and legends. From courageous heroes to punished miscreants their was a place for everyone, living and dead, in the Underworld.

The sport of Paintball Essay -- essays research papers

The Sport of Paintball There you are. You’re hiding behind a hastily constructed bunker made to protect yourself from enemy fire. You can hear the enemy firing on your position, and you can feel the shots screaming above your head. The firing ceases for a moment. You pop out, fire off a few rounds, and duck back in; but as you are going back in the shots start up again, and you feel the rounds whizzing past your head and ear. One catches your sleeve. You glance down. No damage. Suddenly you have a fellow fighter there in your bunker with you. He tells you he’s going to try to take the enemy bunker out. Before you can stop him, he charges out of the bunker, gun blazing. A burst of fire, and a cry. You glance out, and see that your teammate has been hit. Anger sweeps over you. You check your ammunition; close to full. You make a conscious decision to take them out. Taking a breath, you burst from your haven at speeds you did not know you could achieve. The enemy is surprised by this boldness. T hey doubted you, and are now caught off guard. You fire upon the exposed enemy. You see one of your shots find it’s mark, and he goes down. There is one more. Maintaining fire to keep him pinned down, you sweep past his bunker, and place three shots in his chest as you pass. You are victorious. Now, where are you? Are you in Iraq? No. Are you in Vietnam in the past? No. You are in the average American town, and you are out with your buddies live a game of paintball. You are still pumped up on adrenaline, and eager for the next game. One may wonder, what is paintball? Paintball is a sport similar to laser tag but with live ammunition. Players are given a paintball gun, a protective mask, a gas source, and usually some spare paintballs. A paintball gun, also called a marker, uses a pressurized gas source to propel a marble-sized ball out of the marker at anywhere from 250 to 300 feet per second (fps). This ball is fired at another player who is (or at least should be) similarly equipped. If the ball strikes the player, the ball breaks, and the gelatinous, colored filling leaves a bright mark on the player. This is called being â€Å"marked†. The player who was hit is usually out of the game at this point. Some people play multiple hit rules, such as three-hits-and-you’re-out, or scenarios like that. This is a basic overview of the sport of paintball. Now we shall look at the a... ..., country-boy Ritchie White, captured all twelve flags without firing a single shot! Paintball pioneer Bob Gurnsey saw the potential of what went on that day in the woods of New Hampshire, so he went on to secure direct sources of the necessary products from the companies that supplied paintballs and markers to forestry and agricultural markets. He then marketed the first paintball game field franchises under the banner of the "National Survival Game". In 1983, the first official N.S.G. Paintball tournament was held, and the die was cast. Some of the biggest manufacturers include companies like Tippmann Pneumatics, Smart Parts, Worr Games Products (WGP), WDP, Dye, V-Force, JT, and Brass Eagle. Most companies make a full range of products for the industry, as to be competitive. Paintball is the fastest growing sport in the nation. It is easy to see why. It is competitive, team-building, family oriented, athletic, fun, and first and for most safe. Paintball appeals to men and women, young and old. It began with a few friends in the woods, and now is a multi-billion dollar family worldwide industry. The sport of paintball is one that will be around for a very long time.

Fly High with Sti College Angeles

Fly High with STI College Angeles A. INTRODUCTION July 11, 2012 – 10:15 A. M†¦ (1st Semester of S. Y 2012-2013) It is her second week in her new job as a Marketing Officer; Ms. Eleanor Pineda is very enthusiastic while checking the STI College Angeles Strategic Plans for 2012. â€Å"It has been eight (8) years that STI College Angeles is not achieving the projected number of first year students that must be enrolled each school year, not to mention that the shortage is majority half of what is projected. This is alarming Madam. – Eleanor Pineda â€Å"That is correct and it is disturbing in our end. We have been working it out to hit and surpassed every year’s projection, however the competition with all the colleges and universities around Angeles City makes the competition stiffer. As you can observe, we are located in a market saturated with lots of tertiary schools which also offers diverse courses. † – Ms. Rowena T. Selom, Administrator â €“ STI College Angeles. â€Å"This will definitely serve as a challenge to you Eleanor as a newly hired Marketing Officer.You will be in-charge in initially encouraging fresh graduates of secondary level to be part of our school, and promoting our identity within the circle of Pampanga. My faculty can be of help in internal marketing, for we make sure that all professors and instructors are qualified and meet all the requirements as set by CHED and TESDA. This is to ensure that quality education is being given to our students. † – Mrs. Avelina A. Pena, Academic Head – STI College Angeles. â€Å"Thank you Madam, I will surely be needing helpful hands for me to materialize the projection of the school. – Eleanor Pineda â€Å"Competition gets stiffer, The City College of Angeles will become one of our greatest concerns, since according to the news I have heard, the construction of its building (classrooms and laboratories) will be fully utilized by sec ond semester of this school year. It might even compete well with Holy Angel University and Angeles University Foundation, because hearsays is that it will offer affordable tuition fees like all other government initiated colleges. Indeed, we should watch that scenario as well. – Mary Ann Canlas, Finance Manager. A moment of silence engrossed the room†¦ â€Å"Oh.. before I forget, I would like to remind you that our monthly meeting for July will be on Friday next week (July 20, 2012) together with our President, Mr. Condrado M. Dayrit. Eleanor please continue looking at the concerns we have on falling to achieve our projected number of new students each year. Kindly formulate ideas and recommendations that would help STI College Angeles sustain its existence, profitably. † I’ll give my best Madam, and present only the best. †, this statement was followed by a confident smile and a wink. Everyone separated path and work accordingly†¦ B. COMPANY BA CKGROUND SYLLABUS, Inc. Background SYLLABUS, INC. (Symbol Sciences Languages and Laboratories for Business, Incorporation) was established with the purpose of bringing to the country side the fast emerging Information Technology. The company believed that through technology the Filipino youth can become truly globally competitive.Sharing the same vision for the Filipino youth, thru franchise agreement with Systems Technology Institute (STI) the first STI school in Pampanga was opened. In February 12, 1987 at Evangelista Bldg. , Mac Arthur Hiway, Angeles City (now located at Agson’s Bldg. , Mac Arthur Hiway Balibago, Angeles City). Through the constant change in the industry STI diversified its product slowly integrated itself into education industry as a school that provides boundless career opportunities through ICT-enhance, non-IT programs such as the B.S in Business Administration and BS in Hotel Restaurant and Management. STI College Angeles branch was the pioneer franchi se of SYLLABUS, Inc. , and because of the passion of Mr. Condrado M. Dayrit to continuously be a channel of quality education he later on decided to franchise other STI College sites; STI College San Fernando (1988), STI College Nueva Ecija (1991) and STI College Guagua (1998). Unfortunately, because of economic crisis and downturns STI College Guagua and Nueva Ecija were closed, leaving San Fernando and Angeles in its existence. STI San Fernando is located at 2/F Tita's Bldg. Gapan-Olongapo Road, City of San Fernando (Capital), Pampanga and is labelled as the main branch of STI College under the franchise of SYLLABUS. SYLLABUS, Inc. Vision and Mission Vision Statement: To be a world-class institution primarily engaged in education and training offering a wide range of technology based courses. Mission Statement: SYLLABUS, Inc. exists primarily for bringing high quality, technology based education and training to areas outside the Metro Manila in order to assist in the process of co untryside development and de-urbanization.It is also the purpose of SYLLABUS, Inc. to harness its resources of people, money, technology and management know how in order to establish upstream and downstream enterprises and subsidiaries that will continuously provide opportunities for the company’s own graduates, faculty, staff and the community at large. STI COLLEGE.. A Taste of History It all started when four visionaries conceptualized setting up a training center to fill very specific manpower needs. It was in the early ‘80s when Augusto C. Lagman, Herman T. Gamboa, Benjamin A. Santos, and Edgar H.Sarte – four entrepreneurs and friends came together to set up Systems Technology Institute, a training center that delivers basic programming education to professionals and students who want to learn this new skill. Lagman, Gamboa, and Sarte were all heavily involved in the growing computer industry, while Santos just retired from his IT position in a pharmaceutical company. Sarte’s software house, Systems Resources Incorporated (SRI), kept losing programmers and analysts to jobs abroad. Programmers and analysts were a rare breed then, with only a few training centers offering courses on computer programming.There was clear need to find and hire people for SRI, and fulfil the need of a growing business industry that was migrating to automated or computerized business processes. The founders transformed the problem into an opportunity. Systems Technology Institute’s name came from countless brainstorming sessions among the founders, perhaps from Sarte’s penchant for three-letter acronyms from the companies he managed at the time. The first two schools were inaugurated on August 21, 2983 in Buendia, Makati and in Espana, Manila and offered basic computer programming courses.With a unique and superior product on their hands, it was not difficult to expand the franchise through the founders’ business contacts. A year af ter the first two schools opened, the franchise grew to include STI Binondo, Cubao, and Taft. A unique value proposition spelled the difference for the STI brand then: â€Å"First We’ll Tech You, Then We’ll Hire You. † Through its unique Guaranteed Hire Program (GHP), all qualified graduates were offered jobs by one of the founders’ companies, or through their contacts in the industry. The schools’ 1st batch of graduates, all 11 of them, were hired by SRI.And through GHP, more qualified STI graduates found themselves working in their field of interest straight out of school. No one among the four founders imagined that the Systems Technology Institute would become a college, or would grow to have over 100 schools across the country. But it did, all because of its unique value proposition, the synergy between the founders and their personnel, and the management’s faithfulness to quality. Before the 1990s ended, STI also recognized the younger generation’s need to superior IT-enabled education.It was during this time that STI started to venture into basic and secondary education. With its vast experience in managing tertiary level campuses, STI understood the responsibility of providing the same quality of learning tools and experiences to preparatory, elementary, and high school students. The outcome was the launch of the STI Basic Education and STI High School. The STI Colleges provide associate, baccalaureate, and masteral programs in the fields of Information and Communications Technology (ICT), Engineering, Business and Management, Hospitality and Tourism Management, Education, and Healthcare.These programs are duly accredited by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) and the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA). TESDA programs under the Colleges can also be ladderized with exit points that equip graduates with TESDA Certifications and the option to continue further studies in progr ams accredited by CHED. STI Vision We envision a technologically empowered society whose development and growth is driven by a knowledge-based workforce. STI Mission To be the leader in ICT-enabled human resource development through innovative learning and career planning methodologies.STI Values * Respect * Excellence * â€Å"Malasakit† * Meritocracy * Teamwork * Entrepreneurship * Service The following individuals are those who have control and influence in the decision making activities of STI College Angeles (SYLLABUS). Mr. Condrado M. Dayrit SYLLABUS, Inc. President Ms. Mary Ann CanlasFinance Manager Ms. Rowena T. SelomSchool Administrator – Angeles branch Ms. Avelina A. PenaAcademic Head – Angeles branch Ms. Eleanor PinedaMarketing Officer – Angeles branch Mr. Leo AdaptanteChannel Manager for North and Central Luzon – direct employer STI Headquarters (oversees the operation and sustainability f STI Colleges franchise) C. INDUSTRY BACKGROUND S TI College Angeles has been existing in Balibago, Angeles City for 25 years, pursuing its commitment in delivering quality service to all students who aspire to become professionals with its affordable tuition fees. It occupies the 2nd to 5th floor of Agson’s Bldg. in Balibago, accompanied with two (2) computer laboratories, one (1) kitchen laboratory, one (1) bar set-up laboratory, one (1) hotel room, one (1) electronics room, one (1) library and eight (8) classrooms for lecture setup. Class hour is within 7:00am to 6:00 pm.STI College Angeles offers two-year courses (under the supervision of TESDA) that have ladderized program, four-year courses (under the supervision of CHED), and special courses such as Call Center Training, Effective Keyboarding Training, and Personality Development Trainings. STI serve students from the 33 barangays of Angeles, Mabalacat, Dau, Porac, and Tarlac. Within the vicinity of Angeles, it tries to attract enrollees from the existing 46 Secondary Schools especially fourth year students. | | | | | | | | | | | COURSES OFFERED by STI College Angeles| | | | | | | | | |Four Year Courses| | Two Year ; Special Courses| | | | B. S Computer Science (BSCS)| | Associate in Computer Technology (ACT) | B. S Information Technology (BSIT)| | Associate in Hotel and Restaurant Services (HRS)| B. S Office Administration (BSOAd)| | Certificate in Computer Electronics Technology (CCEP)| B. S Business Management (BSBM)| | Certificate in Call Center Training| B. S Hotel and Restaurant Management (BSHRM)| | Certificate in Effective Keyboarding Training| B. S Tourism (BSTM)| | Certificate in Personality Development Training| | | | Its Competitors†¦Angeles City has more than 60 schools (from primary, secondary, tertiary, and graduate schools) within its circle, and about 17 out of the 60 offers college courses. True enough, STI College Angeles is living in a school saturated environment and competition is getting stiffer each school year. Belo w is the matrix of all the competitors of STI College Angeles. (Source: Marketing Concern created by: Mr. Mark Lagman, Computer Laboratory Coordinator of STI College Angeles) College/University| Distance fromSTI| Courses Offered| Tuition Fee(Per Semester)| Estimated Population(as of S.Y ’11-’12)| Angeles University Foundation| 3 Km| MedicineNursingLawHRMComputer ScienceInformation Tech. Bus. ManagementEducationCriminologyPsychology| 26,000 to 45,000| 9,000| Holy Angel University | 4. 5 Km| AccountingNursingEngineeringComp. ScienceInformation Tech. Bus. Management EducationHRMCriminologyPsychology | 27,000 to 40,000| 12,000| Republic Central Colleges | 4 Km| EducationNursingHRMManagementAccountingEngineeringComp. ScienceInformation Tech. Comp. SecretarialComp. Technician | 21,000 to 28,000| 2,000| Systems Plus College Foundation| 1 Km| BS Computer ScienceBS Info.Technology BS Bus. AdministrationBS Comp EngineeringBS ECEBS HRMBS in TourismBS Nursing| 26,000 to 45,000| 4, 000| Systems Plus Computer College | 4 Km| 2yr Computer Science with Photoshop2-yr Info Technician with AutoCADD 2yr Comp Technology2yr Computer Secretarial2 yr HRSCaregiver2-yr Comp Engineering – Major in Networking Technology| 15,000 to 18,000| 700| Mega Computer College | 4 Km| 2yr Comp Science2yr Comp EngineeringIntegrated Programming1-year Computer Technician2yr Comp Technology| 15,700 to 17,000| 250| AMA Computer College – Angeles City | 4. Km| BS Bus AdministrationBS Info TechnologyBS Computer ScienceBS Comp EngineeringBS Electronics ; Communications Engineering| 19,000 to 23,000| 400| AMA Computer Learning Center – Angeles City | 4. 5 Km| Comp. Based AccountingOffice ; Information ManagementComputer Systems Design ; ProgrammingInternet TechnologyComputer Systems ; Networking Technology2-year Hotel ; Restaurant Management| 13,000 to 18,000| 400| AMA Computer Learning Center – Dau, Mabalacat | 3 Km| Computer Systems Design ; ProgrammingOffice ; Info rmation ManagementComputer Systems ; NetworkingTechnology2-year Hotel ; Restaurant Management| 13,000 to 18,000| 400| Integrated Computer School Foundation| 3 Km| BS in Infromation TechnologyComputer Science2yr Computer ProgrammingComp. SecretarialComp. Engineering in Hardware Technology1-year Computer Technician| 14,000 to 17,000| 200| Montessori ProfessionalCollege| 3. 5 Km| Nursing ScienceComputer ScienceOffice SecretarialComputer AccountancyBusiness ManagementHotel and Restaurant Management| 8,000 to 10,000| 150| AIE College or Asian Institute of E-Commerce | 3 Km| 2yr Info.Technology 2yr Business ; Information Management2yr Computer Technology2yr HRS| 10,000 to 12,000| 250| Asian Institute for Computer Studies| 2 Km| BS Comp. Science 2yr Comp. Science2yr Comp. Secretarial2yr Comp. Technician2yr Hospitality ; Restaurant Services | 9,300 to 14,000| 450| Asian Institute of Science and Technology | 2 Km| 2yr Comp. Science2yr Business Information2yr Comp. Technician2yr Hospitality ; Restaurant Services | 7,600 to 12,000| 350| Clark International College of Technology| 2 Km| 2-yr Comp.Programming2-Yr Comp. Secretarial2-Yr Comp. Technology2-Yr Customer Relations Management2-Yr Consumer Electronics2-Yr HRS| 14,000 to 17,000| 400| Jose C. Feliciano College | 2. 5Km| BS Business ManagementBS Tourism2yr Computer Technician2yr Electronics TechnicianMarine EngineeringSea Farer CourseMidwifery ; Nursing Aide | 16,000 to 22,000| 1,200| Comparative Analysis on Tuition Fees Marketing Strategies ; Activities†¦ STI College Angeles conform to the policy and set laws of STI Head Quarters located in Global City Taguig, Philippines.From the management to the academic concerns all of which need to be addressed to STI-HQ. Marketing techniques and activities were also product of STI-HQ. From billboards, to flyers, to CDs, sponsorships, career orientations, competitions, and scholarships month were all advised at the Head Quarters. This is to maintain the centralization of fra nchised branch of STI. Next page shows the Marketing Calendar and the Advertising and Promotion Expenses of STI College Angeles for S. Y 2012-2013. INQUIRY VS. NEW STUDENTSA. Y 2009-2011 ENROLLMENT SUMMARY A. Y 2006-2011 (All Graphs Source: Marketing Concern created by: Mr. Mark Lagman, Computer Laboratory Coordinator of STI College Angeles) STI College Angeles TOWS Analysis **THREATS**| **WEAKNESSES**| 1. Stiff competition with other colleges and universities. 2. Unstable economic condition in the Philippines that might affect parents’ decision in sending their children into college. 3. K+12 Policy ratify by the Philippines Department of Education which started S. Y 2012. | 1.School facade and location not visible to the public. 2. Lack spacious surrounding and minimal number of rooms; 2 laboratories not enough to accommodate large classes. 3. Incomplete and obsolete facilities (for IT laboratories, Kitchen laboratory, and Library) 4. High-turnover rate of faculty members. | **OPPORTUNITIES**| **STRENGTHS**| 1. The increasing demand of High School students to finish bachelor / associate courses. Continuous demand for ICT and other skilled professionals. 2. Educational institutions will not become obsolete. 3.There are about 40 + Secondary Schools in Angeles City alone. Not to mention nearby places like Dau, Mabalacat, and Porac. There will always be new market to encourage every school year. 4. Can attract working people who wishes to continue study to enroll at STI. | 1. Job Placement Assistance (E2E – Employment to Enrollment) Program. 2. One of the reputable college institution in-terms of IT in the Philippines. 3. Flexible schedule can be given to an employee who wishes to study while working. 4. Well equipped faculty members and staff. . Legal consent and requirements of CHED and TESDA properly organized. | D. ALTERNATIVES July 20, 2012 – 1:30 P. M (STI College San Fernando – Conference Room) Condrado (SYLLABUS, President): It ’s nice to finally meet you personally Eleanor, welcome to SYLLABUS. Eleanor (STI Angeles, Marketing Officer): It’s my pleasure to meet you Mr. President. Thank you for the warm welcome that I have been receiving from all of you. Mary Ann (SYLLABUS, Finance Manager): Since everyone is settled already, I think we can now start Mr. President.The main agenda we have for today’s meeting is the issues being face by STI College Angeles in failing to achieve the projected number of new student every school year. Condrado (President): Okay, that is clear with me. How can we address such dilemma then? Rowena (STI Angeles, Administrator): I believe that we must continue investing in improving our facilities and equipment. If students have good equipment to use in their studies and can see nice facilities within our vicinity they will be spreading news on how good it is to be part of STI and will be encouraged to enroll.In addition, we must do additional effort in promotin g our school by doing double effort in our promotion and advertising activities for 2012. Visit more schools; sponsor seminars, events, and competitions; make STI existence visible to the public by displaying multiple STI banners, billboards, and flyers indicating the courses we offer and the location for them to reach us. Condrado (President): Isn’t that we have been doing the same things before? Avelina (STI Angeles, Academic Head): That is true Mr.President, however I believe that Rowena’s suggestion is only one of the strategies that we can do to achieve our projected number of students. Yes we can improve our current facilities and equipment within the school and it can attract more students but additional students require additional space. As of the moment, our location can accommodate less than 500 students and we still experience minor problems in terms of room assignment and space. If our objective is to increase students and to meet our projected number of en rollees, we must start in preparing a better building first.A new building with larger and spacious structure, plus a visible facade will be an effective marketing strategy. Condrado (President): Hmm†¦ our place is really not visible to the public. Mary Ann (Finance Manager): Your proposal is for STI Angeles to locate into a new building, larger than what we rent now; a building with a visible facade for it to be more obvious to the public. The intention is good, but we must consider the financial status of STI Angeles before we can decide on that. Condrado (President): Can we now hear your proposal Eleanor? Eleanor (STI Angeles, Marketing Officer): Yes Mr.President, as I have listened carefully and as a result of my observation with the previous years of STI Angeles – the problem that we wanted to conquer is to get the target number of students. The solution that I would like to propose is Internal Marketing with STI Students. In every 1 student he/she should migrate 4 students (transferee or new student then the student will be given a gift of knowledge of 50% scholarship in tuition fee. And in every 6 students enrolled by 1 student, he/she will be given 100% scholarship plus a uniform and any STI kit.The way I came with the computation is shown in the screen: 50% Gift of Knowledge (GOK)| 100% Gift of Knowledge (GOK)| 1 student = 20,000 (estimated payment, 50% GOK)4 student = 80,000 (enrolled)_________________________________________Total: 60,000 10,000 (miscellaneous fee and OSF)__________________________________________ 70,000 (School)| 1 student = 20,000 (estimated payment, 100% GOK)6 student = 120,000 (enrolled)___________________________________________Total 100,000 5,000 (Miscellaneous fee and OSF)___________________________________________ 105,000 (School)|Other resolution is to have rental fee for any available rooms that we have: Example: a. Kitchen laboratory (7:00-9:00 pm) class for any tutorial culinary (others). b. Computer laborator y (7:00-9:00 pm) class for any tutorial in computers (others). c. Marketing strategy with the help of any organizations like SM Supermalls in SM City Clark. d. Sponsoring activities of any high school (example: held a competition within their school or tabulations with their school or having seminars) e. Talk to different school principals and have communications like school open house (some of the principals need an exposure). . Posting out STI College Angeles through the use of streamers. Condrado (President): I love the zest of ideas that are coming from everyone’s mind. Give me an action plan and a feasibility study on all your suggestions, present it to me next month. Let’s call it a day†¦ *end* Gratitude to the following people who provided me the information and data to complete my term paper. Mrs. Rowena T. Selom, Administrator of STI College Angeles. Mr. Mark P. Lagman,Computer Laboratory Coordinator of STI College Angeles.

Neoclassical Theory of Distribution Essays

Economics Theory / Neoclassical Theory of Distribution Essays Economics Theory / Neoclassical Theory of Distribution Essay Economics Theory / Neoclassical Theory of Distribution Essay Essay Topic: Classical Economics Theory / Neoclassical Theory of Distribution Name: Course: Institution: Instructor: Date: Economics Theory / Neoclassical Theory of Distribution Athletes in professional teams are paid way higher than teachers are. This is not due to games being more valued than education. Rather, it is a matter of demand and supply. Teachers are paid by the government that has many responsibilities such as infrastructure, public services amongst others. Therefore, it has limited money to spend on the teachers. Additionally, the teachers are many since a school could have many teachers, and all of them have to be remunerated by the government. On the other hand, professional players such as footballers are paid by the NFL. The NFL has more money to spend on players who are not as many as teachers are (Brown, 2012). Additionally, there are many people willing to pay for a game than those willing to pay for lectures. A player will be paid from proceeds received from tickets sold, as well as income from media broadcasters who pay to air the game. In addition, fans support the teams through buying their items such as jerseys. Therefore, athletes depend on the number of people they draw to the stadiums (Sexton, 2012). I feel that this is fair since the athletes train hard to become stars who entertain people. Thus, if they manage to pull more crowds and bring in more money for colleges than teachers do, then they deserve their reward. Reference Brown, R. (2012). Do NFL Player Earnings Compensate for Monopsony Exploitation in College? Journal of Sports Economics DOI: 10.1177/1527002512450266 Sexton, R.L. (2012). Exploring Economics. New York, N.Y: Cengage Learning.

The Presidents and Congressional Committees Responsibilities Regarding National Security Policy

The Presidents and Congressional Committees Responsibilities Regarding National Security Policy The US constitutional principles determine procedures for separating powers for the purpose of avoiding the concentration of political power. Limiting the exercise of power by every branch is one of the central issues of the national security strategy.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Presidents and Congressional Committees Responsibilities Regarding National Security Policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The restraints of power have both positive and negative consequences on the US national security establishment, complicating the decision making as to the country’s involvement into Iraq, Iran and North Korea issues, causing the disagreements between the current president and the congressional committees. The National Security Act of 1947 has been the major document defining the national security policymaking model for more than 50 years. However, the events of 9/11 have demonstrated that the current sys tem is inconsistent and requires reformations. A number of political scientists point at the weak points of this model as the main preconditions of inability of the country to prevent the national tragedy. â€Å"bureaucratic turf battles prevented large parts of the national security bureaucracy (first created by the 1947 NSA) from preparing for the non-state actors who threatened the United States in the post-Cold War era† (Bolton 2008, 276). On the one hand, focused on exploring the state enemies, the system did not consider the danger of such non-state actors as al Qaeda and Osama bin Laden. On the other hand, the inner governmental controversies became a hindrance for taking appropriate risk prevention measures after analyzing the available information. The 9/11 events reaffirmed the importance of standard procedures of reconsidering the country’s defense strategy before the beginning of each president’s administration when the US congressional committees re view the formulation of the national security strategy (NSS). (Murdock 2004). As it was mentioned in Freire’s interview by Kristine Frazao, the current president Obama seems to stay the course of his predecessor Bush, approaching the issues of national security.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example, touching upon the issue of involvement into Afghanistan conflict, Obama noted that â€Å"We have supported the elections of the sovereign government, now we must strengthen its capacities†¦ I have no doubt that together with Afghanistan International partners we will succeed in Afghanistan† (â€Å"Could the creation of the X-51 be the next step in US domination†). The issue of national security and distribution of power between various branches remains rather debatable and controversial. For the purpose of ensuring the unbiased approach to develo pment of national security strategies, the intelligence agencies are separated from decision makers. However, this model causes certain problems with integrating and standardizing the procedures. â€Å"Intelligence officers who are dealing with policy makers are expected to maintain professional objectivity and not push specific policies. If intelligence officers have a strong preference for a specific policy outcome, their intelligence analysis may display a similar bias† (Lowenthal 2008, 4). At the same time, the coordination and effective collaboration between various branches is of crucial importance for responding to various challenges of present day criminological situation. The current procedures of establishing the national security strategies are inconsistent. â€Å"There is likely to be internal disagreement and debate within the national security establishment, between the establishment and other branches and agencies of government, and between all of these and th e public† (Sarkesian, Williams, and Cimbala 2008, p. 21). Appropriate measures need to be imposed for further analysis of the effectiveness of coordination between the current president and the congressional committees and improving the current model. Reference List Bolton, Kent. 2008. US national security and foreign policymaking after 9/11: Present at the recreation. Lanham: The Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Presidents and Congressional Committees Responsibilities Regarding National Security Policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Freire, J. â€Å"Could the creation of the X-51 be the next step in US domination†. Interview by Kristine Frazao. Lowenthal, Mark. 2008. Intelligence: From secrets to policy. Washington: CQ Press. Murdock, Clark. 2004. Improving the practice of national security strategy: A new approach for the post-Cold War world. Sarkesian, Sam, Joh n Williams, and Stephen Cimbala. 2008. US national security: Policymakers, processes, and politics. Michigan: Lynne Rienner Publishers.

Free Essays on Foreign Language Tech

introduces the student to numbers, time, the calendar and colors. All course sections in the program, these two included, come equipped with an amazing rating and recording feature. The program gives the user an audio of the letter or word being learned and then records the user’s pronunciation of that letter or word, providing a rating from â€Å"Tourist† to â€Å"Native†. All sections also come equipped with an option to have the translated text present or hidden. The Basic Course section first allows you to partic... Free Essays on Foreign Language Tech Free Essays on Foreign Language Tech As we all know by now, multimedia surrounds our daily life with its combination of unlimited audio and visual effects. Many of the activities we participate in each day are affected by it. Education is no exception. I found that the Learn to Speak Spanish Deluxe CD-ROM set was a perfect place to explore first hand how multimedia benefits my life. Containing a proactive level of interactivity, the educational CD-ROM was targeted at an age group of young adult and beyond. I found it very easy to navigate around the program. The home page of the program was set up in a simple manner with course menu to take you through the lessons and a toolbar across the top to assist further in an effective experience learning Spanish. First off, I will provide an overview of the course options and useful tools provided in the program. The home page of the CD-ROM is broken into two major sections. The Course Menu consists of five categories; Language Essentials, Basic Course, Comprehensive Courses, Extended Practice and Cultural Movies. The toolbar consists of nine option buttons; Home, Back, Change Course, Progress, Customization, Dictionary, Grammar, Visit Us Online and Software Support. The Language Essentials section begins with pronunciation. This allows beginner students to learn and practice pronunciation of the letters of the alphabet and combinations of those letters. It then moves on to Basic Words. Basic Words introduces the student to numbers, time, the calendar and colors. All course sections in the program, these two included, come equipped with an amazing rating and recording feature. The program gives the user an audio of the letter or word being learned and then records the user’s pronunciation of that letter or word, providing a rating from â€Å"Tourist† to â€Å"Native†. All sections also come equipped with an option to have the translated text present or hidden. The Basic Course section first allows you to partic...

Post-processual archaeology (burial) Term Paper

Post-processual archaeology (burial) - Term Paper Example To find objective information or to conduct research from an objective perspective when it comes to skeleton, it would only be achieved if there were absolutely no information of the skeletons or cadavers excavated. In addition, objectivity is not achieved following the presence or absence of a number of aspects that directly relate to demographics as archeologists first seek information prior to taking action in excavation. This way, they acquire historical facts and demographic information as can be seen in the case of the Nile Valley, where excavation is based on historical information (Larsen 120). This way, the race and typing of demographics, as well as classification of skeletons found denies archeology a chance to be objective. This is due to the bias of already having particulate information on skeletons making sure that the morphological differences are identified and used prior to making new findings, which is hardly ever the case. This is especially in making new findings considering that there is already existent information regarding these skeletons based on their morphology and composition, which include factors of race and other classifications. Objectivity is further influenced by the methods used in examination of skeletons, where the margin of error means a lot in collection of information, which is similar to the earlier mentioned case. As such, there are definite methods used in collection of data such as examination of bones, where based on initial findings, personal bias in a scientist can lead to the entire turning subjective. Evidence of this can be seen in the collection of data regarding osteoarthritis, which has been found in almost every place in the world, where the prevalence is deemed to be influenced by local circumstances. Historical data referring to the prevalence of osteoarthritis points to men being more affected than women, which is a potentially subjective perspective due to lack of information from all areas, despite the mention of it being â€Å"nearly universal† (Wright and Yoder 46). Another factor to put into consideration is the influence of culture and scientific research, as well as science on culture, where the two seem to create a challenge for bio archeology. This is then related to the concept of objectivity looking into how those relate to one another, especially considering that culture and history are central to research interests of bio archeologists. With this in mind, cultural perspectives serve as a central motivator towards the scientific methods and processes used in the formulation of hypotheses relating to archeological finds. As such, research being a scientific process, relies heavily on cultural; and social experiences in the formulation of hypotheses and researchers also look into their own knowledge prior to having archeological research done. This is enough ground to show that culture bears a bearing in scientific findings pertaining bio archeology, especially wit h the use of history and economic activities as has been seen with inclusion of agriculture in research to identify the circumstances surrounding archeological finds (Fleming 188). With this in min

Nellie McClung Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Nellie McClung - Essay Example ves and today they are recognized as government officials, CEOs, established professionals, sometimes the Head of their household and now have access to certain rights and privileges. Nellie McClung, a Canadian Activist is credited for the progress of the women in today’s Canadian society. She was the voice for the women who didn’t have the privilege to speak and her contribution to fighting for women’s rights is the reason they can obtain white collar jobs and favourable divorce and custody laws. 1She is famous for her superb humoured public speaking and determinant abilities to get women recognized and accepted as individuals who deserve equal rights and other privileges. 2 Nellie Letitia Mooney was a Canadian Feminist, suffragist, social reformer, legislator, author and politician.3 Born in Chatsworth on October 20th 1873, she was raised on a homestead in rural Manitoba and is an inspiration to women everywhere. Her father was an Irish Methodist and her mother a Scottish Presbyterian. Nellie McClung helped to shape the history of women’s rights in Canada. Inspired by Dickens’ novels she decided that she wanted to be the voice for the voiceless as Dickens’ was a defender for the weak. 4Cross referenced literature declared that Mooney started school at the age of 10 but by the age of 16 had received a teaching certificate and taught school, which was a highly respected profession for women at the time, until she wed Robert Wesley McClung, a pharmacist in 1896. The couple had four children and produced a fifth when they relocated to Winnipeg and from all sources seemed to have had a happy and productive marriage. McClung had contributed greatly to Canada actively campaigning for women’s suffrage, safety legislations, prohibition of the sale of alcohol, labour reforms, mother’s allowances, public health nursing, free medical and dental care for children, divorce laws and property rights.5 McClung had a rather extensive career profile; a rural

Business Valuation of Tesco Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Valuation of Tesco - Research Paper Example The paper discusses reasons resulting in the declining performance of Tesco. In the recession time, when other competitors like Wal-Mart, Sainsbury’s, and Carrefour have been facing severe problems, Tesco has adopted strong strategic plans to cope with the financial crisis. In the years following the financial crisis period, the company has reported a declining profit, despite the fact that profits yielding from its operations were greater, but the consumers’ behavior remained ineffective. Tough competition among competitive companies led by low-profit margin pricing and marketing activities has been observed during 2012-2013. The company has maintained strong policies and strategies to overcome obstacles (Miller, 2005). The analysis of the performance of Tesco shows that the competition has led the company to initiate steps to minimize its costs. It has enabled the company to increase its profit margin when consumers hesitate to spend. On the other hand, an effective a nd innovative platform in the operational side of the business has been observed (Naunheim, 2011).  As the consumer’s behavior model has changed in recent years, this strategy of Tesco has regained the confidence of consumers and has increased its sales volume. The analysis of the five-year financial information (see Table 1) depicts that the company’s stock price has been fluctuating with the changes under economic circumstances (Naunheim, 2011). Tesco’s stock price peaked during 2009-2010, whereas a gradual fall was observed in 2010-2011, but a major decline in stock prices was in 2012-2013 (Dinkhoff, 2009). According to financial data, there has been a major decline in 2012. Amongst competitors in the retailing and grocery merchandising industry, Sainsbury’s stock value has been gradually increased during 2009-2011. By the end of 2011, the company’s stock peaked, and after 2011 a gradual decline in the Sainsbury’s stock prices has been observed (Dinkhoff, 2009). Sainsbury’s market price has not fluctuated like that of Tesco during 2011-2012.  

Wheeler Howard Act. Voices of Freedom by Eric Foner Term Paper

Wheeler Howard Act. Voices of Freedom by Eric Foner - Term Paper Example Making 0.9% of the US population the Indian Americans live in different parts of the country and are estimated to be as many as 2.9Million (as per the census of 2010). Since, the number is not ordinary and the group is a major one therefore the members required a proper set of rules and standards, which had allowed them to live freely and as per their will just like any other American citizen. In this regard, different laws have been passed in the American legislation so far. This paper aims to study the Wheeler Howard Act in reference to four of the primary sources / documents presented in Voices of Freedom by Eric Foner in detail. Background: A law is needed when anything goes wrong or is against any other law or right of any individual, estate, or any other thing. The Wheeler Howard Act generally known as the Indian Reorganization Act of 1938 was a replacement of the old Dawes Act also known as the Indian General Allotment Act of 1887. The Dawes Act worked properly initially howev er later it turned out to be destructive. As a consequence of Dawes Act, the Native Americans land which once calculated in 1887 was totaling to a sum of 138 million acres while by 1934 it reduced enormously to 48 million acres. The consequences were so immense and worst that poverty and major loss of tribal lands of the Native Americans was increasing day by day as the land was being sold to the white people. Two different surveys were conducted in order to know the exact reason for this. One was the Meriam report, while the other one was the Senate systematic investigation both concluded the same results that the previous law was destructing the tribal lands1. The Wheeler Howard Act: The Wheeler Howard Act or the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 terminated and replaced the Dawes Act. The law also imposed limits and restrictions on the sale of the Indian American land. The Secretary of states was also approached and was asked to purchase and reserve more lands for the Native India n Americans. However, many of the Americans have a different perspective regarding the freedom and the allowance of migration of the Non Americans to America to seek freedom2. In the book Voices of Freedom, Eric Foner has highlighted different eras, issues, and revolutions of the American history, freedom and liberation. However, as a part of American freedom he has also talked about the Wheeler Howard Act and demand and ongoing issues of the Americans / Native Americans at that very moment. Since, Foner is one of the finest historian of the political and social history and a specialist on the American Reconstruction period his documents are highly credible and appreciated3. The book is a series of different documents, all representing the American history and freedom. In one of the documents, Foner discussed regarding the history of Native Americans, the issues surrounding them; immigration and the different controversies. Obviously, Foner is very well aware of the Wheeler Howard A ct. He tried to cover the topic in a way that it showed every aspect of the America, its freedom, reconstruction and the major conflicts of Americans. In one letter presented in the book by Foner, a Native American / Indian American writes to his family for how happy he is as he has been provided with land and he can settle anywhere after the Wheeler Howard Act. He was happy that he made the decision of coming to America. He thought of it as freedom and considered America as a free country. He got what he was promised for4. According to a perception it is believed that Foner was not happy with the Wheeler Howard Act as in another article presented in the

Tanzania Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Tanzania - Essay Example The local population deserves jobs, zero exposure to environmental degradation, and compensation for the land and resources that AFG among other firms have used in the mining process. The introduction of mining business interfered with fishing and lifestyles given that the government did not have a concrete method that could regulate the conduct of foreign firms in the country. Conversely, the government deserves further involvement if it resolves the incidences of corruption and bureaucracies. The diversification of the economy in Tanzania, achievement of social responsibility initiatives and regulation of foreign firms are some of the needs that require fast and effective decisions. AFG will generate a strategy that is legal in the Tanzanian context because the primary objective is to make a difference in the community but through the proper incorporation of relevant government authorities. The partnerships will realize a sustainable and all-inclusive program. Handling social and e cological problems for the community will reduce wrangles and initiate a platform for application of entrepreneurial and innovative skills of Tanzanians. The local communities will revive their economic capacity against a backdrop of proper ecological systems. The government and local authorities will become more accountable and launch a safe environment for foreign investment. The responsibility of the government will reduce the AFG’s burden in attaining sustainable development goals for the companies and the locals.

Wheeler Howard Act. Voices of Freedom by Eric Foner Term Paper

Wheeler Howard Act. Voices of Freedom by Eric Foner - Term Paper Example Making 0.9% of the US population the Indian Americans live in different parts of the country and are estimated to be as many as 2.9Million (as per the census of 2010). Since, the number is not ordinary and the group is a major one therefore the members required a proper set of rules and standards, which had allowed them to live freely and as per their will just like any other American citizen. In this regard, different laws have been passed in the American legislation so far. This paper aims to study the Wheeler Howard Act in reference to four of the primary sources / documents presented in Voices of Freedom by Eric Foner in detail. Background: A law is needed when anything goes wrong or is against any other law or right of any individual, estate, or any other thing. The Wheeler Howard Act generally known as the Indian Reorganization Act of 1938 was a replacement of the old Dawes Act also known as the Indian General Allotment Act of 1887. The Dawes Act worked properly initially howev er later it turned out to be destructive. As a consequence of Dawes Act, the Native Americans land which once calculated in 1887 was totaling to a sum of 138 million acres while by 1934 it reduced enormously to 48 million acres. The consequences were so immense and worst that poverty and major loss of tribal lands of the Native Americans was increasing day by day as the land was being sold to the white people. Two different surveys were conducted in order to know the exact reason for this. One was the Meriam report, while the other one was the Senate systematic investigation both concluded the same results that the previous law was destructing the tribal lands1. The Wheeler Howard Act: The Wheeler Howard Act or the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 terminated and replaced the Dawes Act. The law also imposed limits and restrictions on the sale of the Indian American land. The Secretary of states was also approached and was asked to purchase and reserve more lands for the Native India n Americans. However, many of the Americans have a different perspective regarding the freedom and the allowance of migration of the Non Americans to America to seek freedom2. In the book Voices of Freedom, Eric Foner has highlighted different eras, issues, and revolutions of the American history, freedom and liberation. However, as a part of American freedom he has also talked about the Wheeler Howard Act and demand and ongoing issues of the Americans / Native Americans at that very moment. Since, Foner is one of the finest historian of the political and social history and a specialist on the American Reconstruction period his documents are highly credible and appreciated3. The book is a series of different documents, all representing the American history and freedom. In one of the documents, Foner discussed regarding the history of Native Americans, the issues surrounding them; immigration and the different controversies. Obviously, Foner is very well aware of the Wheeler Howard A ct. He tried to cover the topic in a way that it showed every aspect of the America, its freedom, reconstruction and the major conflicts of Americans. In one letter presented in the book by Foner, a Native American / Indian American writes to his family for how happy he is as he has been provided with land and he can settle anywhere after the Wheeler Howard Act. He was happy that he made the decision of coming to America. He thought of it as freedom and considered America as a free country. He got what he was promised for4. According to a perception it is believed that Foner was not happy with the Wheeler Howard Act as in another article presented in the

Case about International Commercial Arbitration Essay

Case about International Commercial Arbitration - Essay Example In the case of CalCo and IndCo, while disputes arose between them, CalCo filed a request for arbitration with ICC claiming various defaults and damages due to breaching contracts before attempting to resolve disputes inter alia. When IndCo filed suit in Mumbai High Court seeking inter alia with CalCo before the arbitration proceeding to be done and argued the contract was invalid or incapable of being performed the claimant filed a claim with California Federal Court to compel arbitration proceedings. IndCo responded saying that American court should wait until Mumbai court decides on the case and the contract has violated US antitrust laws. IndCo was still on the argument that the case is not arbitrable. According to the ‘arbitrational clause’ that both IndCo and CalCo agreed upon, each party has to appoint one arbitrator and the third one shall be appointed by Indian Chamber of Commerce, but this was not considered by ICC. Even though ICC tribunal decided that the case has close connection with Indian law and hence the contract is valid and awarded the claimant $ 2,000,000, the primary claims of IndCo that it is not arbitrable as according to their clause that an arbitration can be done only when both parties are unable to solve by negotiation, and secondly the appointment of arbitrators is not according to what both parties had agreed upon can be considered to be valid but this was not so considered by ICC. According to Article 10 of ICC (2008), â€Å"In the absence of such a joint nomination and where all parties are unable to agree to a method for the constitution of the Arbitral Tribunal, the Court may appoint each member of the Arbitral Tribunal and shall designate one of them to act as chairman. In such case, the Court shall be at liberty to choose any person it regards as suitable to act as arbitrator, applying Article 9 when it considers this appropriate† (p. 9).

Roles, responsibilities and relationships in lifelong learning Essay Example for Free

Roles, responsibilities and relationships in lifelong learning Essay Within your role and responsibility as a member of teaching staff you will be expected to follow what is referred to as a Code of Professional Practice (2008). This outlines the key aspects of teaching legislation and the regulatory requirements. It is your duty to maintain professional integrity and uphold the reputation of the professional institute. Identifying the needs of both the institute and of the learners is fundamental. Your scheme of work will demonstrate the integrity and reputation of the institute you represent, whilst also facilitating the needs of the learners. Therefore, it is your responsibility as a member of our teaching staff to meet the professional requirements valued by the institute, and to be accountable for the scheme of work that you teach to the learners. It is your responsibility to behave in a professional manner that does not damage the reputation of the institute. Utilising your Continuing Professional Development (CPD) programme, it is also your responsibility to keep up to date with any new developments within your specialist subject (Specific Legislation), and new teaching practises via the IFL (Generic Legislation). Some key aspects of generic legislation are: Code of Professional Practice (2008) this code was developed by the Institute for Learning (IfL) and covers aspects of: †¢ professional integrity †¢ respect †¢ reasonable care †¢ professional practice †¢ disclosure †¢ responsibility. Children Act (2004) Every Child Matters provided the legal requirements for five key aspects: †¢ be healthy †¢ stay safe †¢ enjoy and achieve †¢ make a positive contribution †¢ achieve economic well-being. Equality act (2010) This brings disability, sex, race and other grounds for discrimination into one legislation. It covers nine key aspects: †¢ age †¢ disability †¢ gender †¢ gender identity †¢ race †¢ religion and belief †¢ sexual orientation †¢ marriage and civil partnership †¢ maternity and pregnancy. Equality in general means that everyone is treated equally and fairly this has been underpinned with appropriate legislation which ensures that this happens both for the teacher and in the learning environment. Diversity takes this all one step further by ensuring that you value the differences between individuals. For example you may have a mixed group of students with differing levels of ability or experience who are aiming to achieve the same qualification but at a different level, you could set different activities or targets for them in order to gain the qualification. The Equality Act 2010 provides rights for people not to be directly discriminated against or harassed because they have an association with a disabled person or are perceived to be disabled. Each learner is an individual who should be treated as an equal and with respect regardless of gender, marital status, sexual orientation, disability, race, nationality, age, religion or circumstance. Within the learning environment there should be codes of practice which ensure staff are aware of the law and how to implement it into their job roles. The laws relating to equal opportunities can be developed into an inclusive strategy as shown by Kandola and Fullerton, Equal OpportunitiesDiversity and Inclusion Concentrates on removing discriminationMaximises learner potential Can be an issue for disadvantaged groupsIs relevant to all learners Relies on positive action by manager and the organisation as a wholeRelies on implementing policies and practices in contest Equality is about the rights of the students to have access to and participate and attend within their chosen learning environment. Inclusive learning is about involving all students, treating them equally and fairly. Some students could feel excluded during the session if their particular needs were not met. Therefore through initial assessment or the induction process any needs could be identified. As a teacher you should try to promote a positive culture of equality of opportunity within the sessions whereby all students can attend, participate and feel safe and valued. My roles and responsibilities in lifelong learning are primarily to have teaching and learning strategies which are appropriate to your specialist area. The first time you meet your learners they will subconsciously make assumptions about you, and it is through your behaviour, verbal (and non-verbal) communication, i. e. body language, that you will correct these assumptions. It is important that you do not make any judgements or assumptions. You must remember to be aware of your gestures, facial expressions etc, as your learners will pick up on these characteristics. Communication is key and most importantly, it is your personality and passion for your subject that will inspire your learners. As learners enter in to the classroom they will look at their surroundings, at the teacher and at each other. To ensure this has a positive effect on the learner you should: †¢Be on time †¢Smile †¢Be welcoming †¢Look clean and presentable †¢Be prepared †¢Look calm and organised and confident †¢Ensure the room is prepared for the learners †¢Friendly introductions. The teaching and learning cycle is so called as it can begin at any stage and keep on going. The role of a teacher will usually follow, †¢Identifying needs – finding out what your organisations, your own and potential students needs are, carrying out initial assessments and agreeing individual learning plans †¢Planning learning – preparing a scheme of work, session plans and teaching and learning materials to ensure you cover the requirements of the syllabus †¢Facilitating learning – teaching and facilitating learning using a variety of approaches †¢Assessing learning – checking your students have gained the necessary skills and knowledge †¢Quality assurance and evaluation obtaining feedback from others, evaluating yourself and the programme in order to make improvements for the future. Students need to know why it is important for them to learn, what they are going to learn and how they will do this. One way to make sure your learners have a positive learning experience is to analyse how learners learn. A teacher who understands what helps a learner learn is a better teacher as they recognise the differences are prepared to alter their teaching to suit those differences this is called differentiation. Kolb proposed a four stage experiential learning cycle by which people understand their experiences and as a result modify their behaviour. Honey and Mumford based their analysis on how people learn on Kolb’s learning cycle. They advocate that people either learn best by either doing something (activist), by thinking back on something (reflector), by investigating ideas and concepts (theorist) or by finding relevance or association (pragmatist). Students should be motivated to learn as their keenness to learn will affect their attention and learning ability. Maslow introduced a Hierarchy of needs in 1954, he felt that objects should be removed that prevent a person from achieving their goals. He argued that there are five needs which represent different levels of motivation which must be met. When students satisfy their needs at one level they should be able to progress to the next. To help student’s motivation you should ensure that the learning environment you create meets your students first level needs. You should try to have a purposeful learning environment where your students feel safe, secure, confident and valued. Teaching and learning strategies will vary according to what you want to get out of the session, the time allowed and what materials and resources are available. In order to ensure that you are meeting individual’s needs you will have to understand learning strategies. These are visual, auditory and kinaesthetic (VAK) learning styles, designed by Honey and Mumford, and based on a theory first established by David Kolb. Honey and Mumford designed a Learning Styles Questionnaire (LSQ) which helps identify learning needs. Examples of Visual learning techniques, use cards, posters, prompt sheets, display tasks on boards, supplement verbal exposition with pictures and diagrams etc. Auditory learning techniques, talk through ideas, ask questions and listen to learners. Kinaesthetic learning techniques, use breaks to get learners moving, locate different activities in different parts of the room, use role play or practical activities etc. You may encounter learners that have a higher sensitivity to kinaesthetic learning, than either visual or auditory. The LSQ is recommended if you are to successfully identify the learning needs of your students, and design a scheme of work that differentiates each individual effectively. Within the learning environment it is important to promote appropriate behaviour and respect for others. Setting ground rules is a highly effective method. If you include everyone from the beginning in setting the ground rules (via an icebreaker) they will feel more involved and will be more likely to adhere to them. For example, if you simply told your learners how to behave they may oppose it. If however you initiate an open discussion, your conclusive material will be more effective as the learners will take ownership of the rules they have set. At the forefront of every session should be a beginning, a middle and an end, this structure will ensure that you have an organised approach to teaching and learning. This will help to organise the learners and also help with classroom atmosphere. An initial or diagnostic assessment is a formal way of ascertaining you student’s prior skills or knowledge of the subject to be taken and whether they have any specific needs. Diagnostic tests can also be taken to diagnose information with regards to literacy, language and computer skills. The information gained from these can help to plan sessions to meet any individual needs or to arrange further training or support if necessary. Initial assessment will allow for, †¢Differentiation and individual requirements to be met †¢Ensure students are on the right programme level †¢Ensure the student knows what is expected of them †¢Identify an appropriate pace at which each student will progress. †¢Identify any information which needs to be shared with colleagues †¢Identify additional support needs †¢Identify learning styles †¢Identify transferable skills The results can help with individual learning plans (ILP’s) or action plans with your students, ensuring they are on the right level. Within the learning environment you will have professional boundaries within which to work and it is important not to overstep these by becoming too personal with your students. Boundaries are about knowing where your role as a teacher stops and working effectively within the limits of that role. You need to be in control, fair and ethical with all your students and not show any favouritism towards any particular students, for example by giving one student more support than the others. You may not want to take your break with students or join their social networking sites as you could overstep the mark into being a friend rather than a teacher. Boundaries could also be constraints of your teaching job, for example, the amount of paperwork you need to complete or lack of funding or resources. Other professionals with whom you may need to liaise with are other professionals. These could be other teachers, support workers, administration staff etc. You may also need to liaise with other people such as parents, guardians, inspectors and visitors. You should always remain professional when in contact with others and not overstep the boundary of your role. When you attend meetings or professional events you must act professionally at all times. Some students may have needs, barriers or challenges to learning that may affect their attendance or achievements. Knowing the boundaries of the teacher’s role is essential to an effective learning environment. The interests of the learner is most important and as a teacher we would like to help but are we really the most effective person for the learner to consult. The Behaviour Code 3 of the IfL Code of Professional Practice states: â€Å"Members shall take reasonable care to ensure the safety and welfare of learners and comply with relevant statutory provisions to support their wellbeing and development. † Your students may trust you and tell you something confidential, however you may need to pass this information on to more experienced people, particularly if your student is vulnerable and or in need of expert help. You may encounter students with varying degrees of needs, therefore you should remain impartial but sensitive. Although you may think you can deal with some of these needs it may be better to seek help or advice or refer your student to someone who can help. You should always refer your students to an appropriate specialist or agency if you can’t deal with their needs. Never feel you have to solve your student’s problems yourself and do not get personally involved. You could find out what is available internally within the organisation or where you can refer them externally. Records must be maintained, not only to support the teaching and learning process but also for inspectors, auditor’s verifiers and external quality assurers. The information contained in records helps to measure learning and the effectiveness and appropriateness of the programme overall. Information such as attendance, progress or achievement could be shared with colleagues. If accurate records are not maintained your student’s progress could become unstructured and their achievements may not be documented. Records must be up to date, accurate and legible. Records can be useful for your organisation for accidents, appeals, equal opportunities and funding purposes. Records should be kept confidential and secure at you organisation. The Data Protection Act 2003 is mandatory for all organisations that hold data. As a teacher you must work within the boundaries of the law and professional values. There are many laws, directives and professional ethics which are updated often. The main Acts and rules which we should refer to are, Health and Safety at work Act 1974 – which states that everyone has a responsibility for the safety of themselves and others. Therefore rules must be followed and safe practices adhered to. The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 – this legislation seeks to prevent unsafe practices and minimise risk, e. g fire and emergency procedures, first aid at work and safe handling practices. Risk Assessment – All activities have an element of risk, it is the teacher’s responsibility to assess the level of the risk and establish practices to minimise risk and record such activities. Child Protection Guidelines – Eg Crb checks (criminal record bureau). Keeping records is a fundamental part of the teacher’s role, this can be kept on paper or electronically. The documents are required for, auditing purposes, information gathering, Quality assurance systems, health and safety management and financial accountability. Although paperwork is time consuming it must be completed regularly and accurately. Other departments may need to refer to your paperwork, claim funding or allocate appropriate support for learners. Communication is the key to encouraging student motivation and respect, managing behaviour and disruption and becoming a successful teacher. It should always be appropriate and effective and to the level of your students. If there is a disruption you need to handle this professionally to minimise any effect it may have on teaching and learning. This behaviour must be addressed immediately and not ignored. Good behaviour and motivation can be maintained by keeping sessions active and teaching your subject in an interesting and challenging way. Behaviour patterns could highlight the need for additional support as disruption could be a way of asking for help. You should lead by example and always be polite, show respect and say please and thank you, this will help encourage this respectful behaviour in your students. Within the learning environment you should also promote respect between students by encouraging trust, honesty, politeness and consideration.

Do New Wars Pose Difficult Challenges Politics Essay

Do New Wars Pose Difficult Challenges Politics Essay Civil wars in todays modern world have become increasingly described as new wars ever since the end of the Cold War era due to a perceived change in the format of warfare and the emergence of war economies as central to internal skirmishes. Some scholars argue this evolution in warfare and intrastate conflict requires adjustments and changes to the post conflict reconstruction process due to new challenges new wars creates in comparison to the old wars of the past. This essay argues that there is in fact little evolution in warfare since the end of the Cold War and in fact many of the characteristics of the so-called new wars are in fact present in conflicts in the past. It is for this reason that new wars do not pose more difficult challenges any more than the already complicated problems associated with post conflict reconstruction; although some changes are necessary to adjust the course of development, it is in fact the growth and advancement of media and the communications secto rs that have led to an increased focus on civil wars that has pushed them into the public arena and granted them a new status. The first part of this essay will analyse the new wars thesis posited by Kaldor and outline the characteristics attributed to new wars; this will be followed by the convincing criticisms by many academics that argue new wars are not in fact new and assists the final section of the essay that discusses the post conflict reconstruction process and argues contemporary conflict does not post a more difficult challenge to the post conflict reconstruction process anymore than old wars do. The concept of new wars was first written about in detail by Mary Kaldor at the end of the 1990s, as she attempted to define the characteristics of low-intensity conflicts and distinguish them from traditional state versus state conflicts of the past. Kaldor argues that towards the end of the 20th Century, in particular in the post-Cold War order, a new form of organized violence has emerged, with blurred distinctions between war, organized crime and large-scale human rights violations (2006, pp.1-2). This thesis has gained considerable academic support as scholars notice the trend in the decrease of interstate wars and the increase in violence within states (Holsti, 1996, p.40). New wars are characterised as criminal, depoliticized, private and even predatory in their nature, whilst the old wars of the past were ideological, political and noble (Kalyvas, 2006, p.100). Kaldor thus believes there has been a progression in the nature of warfare and conflict since the Cold War as intern al conflicts become the norm and interstate battles become far less common. Kaldor argues that New wars can be contrasted with earlier wars in terms of their goals, the methods of warfare and how they are financed (2006, p.7); these differences will be outlined in the following section to explain the new features of new wars. The goals of new wars are based on identity politics, especially ethnic identity, rather than ideological differences or geo-political ambitions, and often occur due to the erosion of state autonomy and state failure (Kaldor, 2006, pp.5-7). Groups will claim control of the state or certain areas of the state in the name of ethnicity, religion or tribe (Kaldor, 2005, p.212). The Bosnian conflict during the 1990s is often depicted as the archetypal example of a new war as it displays this identity conflict clearly (Kaldor, 2006, p.33). Due to its ethnic diversity of Muslims, Serbs and Croats (as well as several other ethnic identities), it was no surprise that conflict arose between the groupings as the Bosnian Serbs and Bosnian Croats set about ethnic cleansing in an attempt to establish ethnically homogenous territories (Kaldor, 2006, pp.34-5). Furthermore, the attrition of state power means the monopoly over violence is severely limited, which leads to widespread skirmishes and conf licts as groups compete to fill the vacuum created through state collapse (Newman, 2004, p.175). The warring parties in the Bosnian war described themselves as states and made use of the former state apparatus in order to finance, resource and run their campaigns (Kaldor, 2005, p.214). Globalisation has resulted in a cleavage between rich and poor that results in conflict and structural violence (Berdal, 2003, p.479) and also a cleavage between cosmopolitanism and the politics of particularist identities (Kaldor, 2006, p.7). There is a growing them and us divide as identity politics play a more dominant role in how individuals see themselves to each other. This of course increases the inevitability and the probability of conflict among groups of differing identities The form of combat has also changed as guerrilla and counter-insurgency tactics become the norm (Kaldor, 2006, p.8), as the nature of conflict adapts a distinctively politically chaotic and military atrocious character (Snow, 1996, p.105). In the past, guerrilla warfare has aimed to capture hearts and minds of civilians and the population; however, the new warfare uses counterinsurgency methods of destabilisation, aiming to create fear and hatred amongst civilians instead, using this to gain support or at least prevent citizens from disobeying orders (Kalyvas, 2001, p.109). New wars appear to lack military order or discipline (Angstrom, 2005, p.8) which often leads to extreme violence and barbarism, directed in particular at civilians as a deliberate strategy (Mello, 2010, p.299). This strategy of civilian targeting rests in the aim to control populations, inducing destabilization and terror in an attempt to remove those of a different identity through violent and barbaric killings a s well as techniques of intimidation (Kaldor, 2006, p.9). The genocide in Rwanda or the random atrocities committed against civilians in Sarajevo highlight this dark side of new war (Snow, 1996, p.105), and in situations such as Bosnia, Somalia, Rwanda and Liberia, the military objective was the systematic murder and terrorizing of civilian populations (Snow, 1996, p.ix). Civilian casualties and forced displacement has increased in proportion to all causalities in conflict since the 1990s, highlighting this deliberative civilian targeting, further assisted by a blurring of boundaries between civilians and combatants as public authority breaks down as part of state failure (Newman, 2004, p.175). The final feature that distinguishes new wars from old wars is the form of financing that occurs; war economies of the past focused on using resources to defeat the enemy (Broodryk, 2010, p.11), whilst the new wars utilise looting, criminal networks, diasporic support and taxation of humanitarian aid to provide resources for their conflict (Kaldor, 2005, p.216). The simplest form of financing the war effort is through looting, robbery, extortion and hostage-taking and is seen in a number of contemporary wars (Kaldor, 2006, p.108). However, some war economies utilise networks of legal and illegal trade, arms and drug trafficking, corrupt governments and supportive diasporas that influence the outbreak and perpetuation of violent conflicts (Mello, 2010, p.300). The new war economies involve the fragmentation of the state as it cannot monopolise production and employment in order to fund their war cause (Broodryk, 2010, p.11). Resources are instead traded outside of the country to private companies lacking any interest in the conflict, only aiming to profit on the internal disruption (Broodryk, 2010, p.11). Kofi Annan highlights the economic struggle as central to internal conflicts: The pursuit of diamonds, drugs, timber, concessions and other valuable commodities drives todays internal wars. In some countries the capacity of the State to extract resources from society and to allocate patronage is the prize to be fought over (Annan, 1999, emphasis in original). This creates a globalized war economy in which rivalry between criminal groups occurs over resources or illegal commercial activities (Newman, 2004, p.176). The process of resource capture thus means there is no real desire of victory as groups aim to maintain resource profitability and the power they capture (Newman, 2004, p.176) the state of war is preferred to peace as it provides a cover for illegal economic activities by warlords and non-state actors (Melander et al., 2009, p.511) However, there are a number of academics that criticise Kaldors new wars thesis, arguing that many of the new features of new wars can be found in earlier wars, and that the differences between old and new wars are not as dichotomous as made out and are often exaggerated (Newman, 2004, p.173; Mello, 2010, p.305). This essay agrees with this to an extent a number of the features of new wars that Kaldor outlines in her argument are also present in wars of the past and suggest there is little new about modern warfare in internal conflict situations, as will be outlined in the following section. In terms of empirical evidence for new wars, Newman accepts that civil war have been more frequent than interstate war, but argues that both forms of conflict have decreased since the mid-1990s, with the exception of a spike in intrastate conflict in the early 1990s (2004, p.180). This, as Newman believes, shows there has not been an evolution of new wars in the post-Cold War period, and infact, the probability of country being in conflict is not similar to that at the end of the 1950s (Newman, 2004, p.180). In addition, Melander et al. argue battle severity (the number of deaths in battle) has declined in the post-Cold War era, whilst violence against civilians in civil conflict has also decreased (2009, p.507). Kalyvas explores the features of the new war convention, contrasting them to those of old wars, and concludes there are probably more similarities than differences, and that the new wars thesis is flawed in a number of ways. Firstly, he takes the argument that ideological concerns were the motivations of old wars, claiming that in fact, many wars in the past have involved high levels of looting (such as the Russian and Chinese Revolutions) and that many combatants actually made decisions to fight based on local considerations (Kalyvas, 2001, pp.106-7). Many soldiers are usually stimulated due to group pressures such as comradeship, respect and network ties such as family or friendship ties (Kalyvas, 2001, p.108). This can be seen in Irish Revolution and Civil War, where often the ideology at the centre of the war was rarely discussed amongst combatants and the conflict was based instead on family factions and old feuds (Hart, 1999, pp.264-266). Moreover, the depiction of new wars as lacking any ideological movement can be challenged; many rebel forces of contemporary civil wars have been stigmatised as missing any ideological motivations for combat, but in fact many hold an in-depth understanding of their own participation from a political perspective, as shown in Sierra Leone (Kalyvas, 2001, p.104). The portrayal of contemporary warfare existing through a move from chivalrous fighting to that of barbarity by militia and warlords is unfounded (Newman, 2004, p.181); the use of gratuitous violence can be found in old civil wars such in America, Russia and Spain, whilst the practice of child abduction to create child soldiers may be associated with contemporary Africa, but was common in conflicts in Afghanistan (during the Soviet invasion), Peru, Guatemala and the China (Kalyvas, 2001, pp.114-5). The horrific violence and barbarism portrayed in Kaldors new war thesis is also visible in past wars; the deliberate targeting of civilians can be seen in the Mexican Revolution at the start of the 20th Century, whilst World War II represents perhaps the most widespread cases of atrocities in the form of the Holocaust, the German advance into the Soviet Union (with huge civilian displacement) and the Russian advance on Berlin (with numerous cases of rape or sexual brutality) (Newman, 2004, pp.182-3). It is for this reason that Madame de Staà «l remarks that all civil wars are more of less similar in their atrocity, in the upheaval in which they throw men and in the influence they give to violent and tyrannical passions (cited in Kalyvas, 2001, pp.114-5). It is also possible to argue that modern intrastate conflicts do not utilise senseless violence, and that actually the portrayal of violence is defined by culture those in the West find the use machete as more barbaric than mass killings through bombings (Kalyvas, 2001, p.115) who is it to say which is the more atrocious and inhumane? Furthermore, Kaldor contends the violence rebel and militia movements use is not as gratuitous as made out, and in fact it is often strategic and selective Kalyvas argues the Algeria massacres, or the tactics used by RENAMO in Mozambique were part of larger strategies, whilst the forced amputation of womens hands in Sierra Leone can be seen as calculated to instil fear (2001, pp.115- 6). This is not to deny the acts as barbaric, but it certainly weakens the depiction of the violence as undisciplined and random. A case study that suggests new wars are not in fact new can be found in the Congo civil war during the 1960s; Newman argues this conflict closely follows the new wars model and identifies with several characteristics of Kaldors thesis (2004, p.184). The conflict arose after Belgium withdrew from Congo in June 1960, resulting in a political crisis as the centralised government broke down and disorder erupted. The Katanga province, rich in minerals, declared independence from the Congolese state after receiving support from the Belgian mining companies who were protecting their interests and promoting secession in the background (Newman, 2004, p.184). Conflict and struggles against the new leadership of the Republic of Congo was motivated primarily by material aggrandizement, particularly amongst militias and private mercenaries; at the same time, ethnic and religious differences stimulated the violence further, with some fighting orientated around clear political agendas (such as the unitary state against Katangan secession), whilst most fighting revolved around the interests of warlords and local factions (Newman, 2004, p.184). State failure and the breakdown of authority led to social disorder and the emergence of a war economy as mercenaries attempted to perpetuate conflict due to the benefits they gained not only from their employers but also from illegal activities such as arms sales (Newman, 2004, p.184). This case study therefore highlights the presence of new war features during the Cold War period, with state failure and collapse leading to social disorder and conflicting identity groups competing for resources. This suggests that new wars are in fact not new but have always been present; it is instead the emergence from the Cold War era that simply brought these conflicts to the fore and the expansion of media and communications that has led to the reporting of the internal disputes around the globe. The essay will now turn to the question of whether new wars pose more difficult challenges to postconflict reconstruction, and whether new approaches to state rebuilding after internal civil war are required. Although the essay has argued throughout that new wars are not completely new, it has also noted that some characteristics of contemporary intrastate conflict have evolved from those of the past, and there have been some changed in the forms of conflict. It is for these reasons that the post conflict reconstruction process must make a few adaptations in order to assist a states recovery after civil war. As Newman outlines, evolution and advancement in historical, technological and social-economic terms have meant the nature of conflict has also changed (2004, p.185), and therefore the reconstruction process will face some new challenges. In many post-conflict nations, the levels of crime and human rights abuses remain high as warlords and militia remain at large, making use of t heir illegal economies created through civil war the are weaknesses in the reconstruction process that mean identity politics and the new wars rebuilding programmes are not tackled head on (Kaldor, 2006, p.x). At a basic level, post conflict reconstruction must address a wide and complex range of challenges in states ravaged by internal conflict the prevention of future armed conflict, the rebuilding of effective state institutions, recreation of a social fabric, redressing of human rights abuses and the nursing of a health civil society are all central to the reconstruction process (Call Cook, 2003, p.135). The prevention of further armed conflict is particularly important in the case of new wars as it is essential to discourage warlords, militia and other forces from restarting and perpetuating conflict in order to sustain the resource capture that is common in contemporary warfare. This therefore means the war economy that existed during the conflict must be replaced by an effective state economy that has a monopoly of the nations resources and can prevent resource competition from accumulating and resulting in a fresh break out of conflict. Furthermore, the prevention of future confl ict is not simply a matter of removing arms access and taking guns from the combatants, but it is also the establishment of accountably, transparent, and participatory systems of authority (Call Cook, 2003, p.135). In the aftermath of a new war, it is essential for restructuring forces to quickly create a form of state authority that is accountable to the people and is capable of solving the grievances of those involved in the conflict. Kaldor stresses the importance for reconstruction to primarily involve the restructuring of political authorities and civil society, in the forms of law and order and the mobilisation of political groups (2006, p.145). The integration of all identities is also essential in order to remove the binary them and us dichotomy than can threaten to reignite ethnic or religious differences and disputes. The establishment of law and order requires disarmament, demobilisation, policing or training police forces, arresting of war criminals and the re-establishment of the justice system (Kaldor, 2006, p.146). However, it is not that simple; disarmament through buy-back programmes results in the handing back of average or poor weaponry whilst the high-tech arms are held onto (Kaldor, 2006, p.146). Furthermore, as new wars are essentially a combination of war and criminality, law enforcement must involve both soldiers and police in order to provide adequate security and authority. Infrastructure s uch as basic services, transport and production needs to be restored at both regional and local levels in order to re-establish the economy and reduce the need to humanitarian aid (Kaldor, 2006, p.147). Humanitarian assistance also needs to become more targeted in order to remove war economies and their siphoning of aid, and also to prevent over-reliance on aid that means the economy cannot be rebuilt. For instance, in Somalia, food provisions were high and numerous in an attempt to ensure all of those in need actually received the aid; however, this meant food prices in the state fell, creating an environment where it was no longer economically viable for farmers to produce food (Kaldor, 2006, p.144). Another example of aid problems can be seen in El Salvador; here, and IMF stabilisation programme attempted to provide monetary assistance for the country to reconstruct. However, the strict spending limits of the IMF provisions meant the state could not afford to build a civil police force and enact buy-back schemes for disarmament that was required by the peace programme to help reintegrate combatants back into society (Kaldor, 2006, p.143). In this instance, therefore, humanitarian assistance in post conflict reconstruction needs to become more targeted and utilise local knowledge for it to be effective at rebuilding after a new war. This essay has only touched on the surface of the reconstruction process after a new war, providing a basic outline of state rebuilding. However, it explains the need to adapt certain procedures uses in reconstruction of the state after a new war the need to retarget and develop aid provision, the importance of establishing effective authoritarian institutions to enforce security and peace, and the importance of reconstructing state structures that enable grievances to be addressed, civil society to be rebuilt, war economies removed, and the implementation of policies to prevent future state failure and conflict. To conclude then, this essay points to the need for perspective when approaching new wars and post conflict reconstruction each struggle will need its own unique form of reconstruction, and therefore the post conflict rebuilding process is a case-by-case thesis, with no singular set of reformation practices or factors and the presence or lack of certain factors associated with new wars is down to the unique contexts and mitigations of specific conflicts rather than linear historical changes (Newman, 2004, p.180). There has indeed been a decrease in state vs. state conflict commonly associated with the past, whilst globalisation, decolonisation and the following state building, and the resurgence of identity politics have all suggested a shift from warfare of the past and therefore the need to adjust reconstruction policies (Newman, 2004, p.180), and indeed some changes are required. However, it is perhaps more appropriate to highlight the rise and expansion of the media and communic ations as an explanation for the perceived changes in conflict many of the factors Kaldor outlines in her thesis are not in fact new and have been present in past skirmishes it is simply the prominence and attention these conflicts now receive from the media that has resulted in changes of perceptions and ideas of civil wars (Newman, 2004, p.179). The first section of this essay outlined the basis of Kaldors New Wars argument and the factors attributed to contemporary civil war; following this, the essay provided and agreed with the criticisms of the new wars thesis, highlighting the fact than many of the characteristics of new wars are not as new as Kaldor makes out. Finally, the essay contended that contemporary wars do not provide many more difficult challenges for post conflict reconstruction in comparison to old wars, rather small adjustments must be made in order to account for the rise of globalisation and the modern world.