Film Piracy and Its Effects in the Industry - 2511 Words

Film Piracy and its effect on the Industry Five Advantages of Film Piracy: These are the advantages one might see for why to commit film piracy, but I by know way endorse such a thing. †¢ You can save money †¢ Sometimes one may have the advantage of seeing a film before it is released on DVD †¢ Its been made a lot easier to get ahold of pirated films and can usually be downloaded in minutes †¢ one can peer-to-peer share with friends †¢ One might see it as free publicity for the film Five Disadvantages of Film Piracy: †¢ Film Piracy is the unauthorized use or reproduction of movies in print, videos, DVD, or electronic files by uploading or downloading; an upload is when a person sends or makes available a file; a download is when a person†¦show more content†¦I wonder if this is really Hollywoods way of two-tiered marketing. Supply movie theatres with blockbuster releases and make huge profits at concession stands as well as the box office then market bootlegs (Yes, I am asking aloud if they might be in on it) to the people who cannot afford to enjoy the deluxe movie experience. †¢ They look at us as losers, a negligible group on the margins of society and would rather we be kept out of their shiny cineplexes, lest our BO offend the other patrons or we try to pester them for spare change. Piracy is a thorny issue in the Philippines. I think very few here can be holier-than-thou and say they havent bought a pirated game, bootleg DVD or other counterfeit good at some point. Yet most of us agree that piracy is a crime. Read my Infotech article Game piracy may be financing other crimes: ESA exec, based on my e-mail interview with Ric Hirsch, senior vice president for intellectual property enforcement of the Entertainment Software Association. ESA is the US industry association representing the worlds biggest game publishers, and is the owner and operator of Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3). Ive already gotten feedback from those who feel its absurd to link game piracy to organized crime. I think this really shows how we as consumers see piracy in terms mainly of getting a bargain, and that most of us think its a victimless crime. ButShow MoreRelatedWhy Piracy Laws Must Be Changed891 Words   |  4 PagesPrepare to be Boarded: Why Piracy Laws Must Be Changed From the moment consumers were able to use the internet to get music, software, and movies, piracy has had serious financial implications for the motion picture industry. Copyright protection presents some difficulty in illegally obtaining movies, but there are many avenues around most of these systems. The RIAA, or Recording Industry Association of America, has tried several legal ploys to prevent people from accessing this material, butRead MoreEffects Of Piracy On The Motion Picture Industry880 Words   |  4 Pagesget music, software, and movies, piracy has had serious financial implications on the motion picture industry. Copyright protection presents some difficulty in illegally obtaining movies but there are many avenues around most of these systems. The RIAA, or Recording Industry Association of America, has tried several legal ploys to prevent people from accessing this material but many consumers continue to access it with little concern. Much like the music industry , which was challenged to reinventRead MoreSoftware Piracy And Its Effect Piracy On The End User And Businesses1608 Words   |  7 Pages1 What my report is about This report will discuss for and against software piracy, weather it is acceptable to pirate software and the affects piracy has on the end user and businesses. 1.2 What is software piracy? The Oxford Dictionary definition of software is: â€Å"The programmes and other operating information used by a computer.† (The Oxford English Dictionary, n.d.) Microsoft define software piracy as: â€Å"Software piracy is the unauthorized copying, reproduction, use, or manufacture of softwareRead MoreIs It Creates A Culture?1532 Words   |  7 Pagesshow latest shows, as mentioned by Popcorn time’s spokes person, â€Å"A lot of the project is about showing†¦ other companies like Netflix that having the content that’s currently on air—the new stuff, not last season—that’s what drives people to watch. It’s a way of showing the media that you can do better.† (McDuling, 2015). Therefore, it can be said that by using Popcorn time, that provides access to all the movies available for download in the Internet, the users are exposed to movies that would beRead MoreInternet Piracy and the Music Industries Business Model - Research Project4472 Words   |  18 PagesResearch Project: The Music Industry’s dramatic business model change from physical sales to digital downloads, how much the record labels are affected by internet piracy and how to regulate it. Information Discovery, Analysis and Interpretation Contents Page Page 1. Executive Summery 3 2. Scope of Report Read MoreQuestions On The Module Code2586 Words   |  11 PagesHitchen 1 Student ID:708355 1 2 Introduction 4 3 What is digital content? 4 3.1 Music 4 3.2 Software 4 3.3 Games 4 3.4 Books 4 3.5 Films 4 3.6 TV 4 4 What is piracy? 5 4.1 History 5 4.2 Law 5 4.3 Role of the internet? 5 4.4 P2P and File sharing 5 Effects 5 5 Effects on the different industries 5 5.1 Jobs losses 5 5.2 Income 5 5.3 Creativity 5 5.4 Innovation 6 6 Effect on the artist, author, programmer and business 6 6.1 Fewer making a living 6 6.2 Job losses 6 6.3 Loss of profits 6 6.4 DistortionRead MoreThe Ethical Issues Of Downloading Pirated Music And Films2572 Words   |  11 PagesWe all know that downloading pirated music and films is illegal, but what exactly is it? The term piracy refers to the copying and selling of music, films and other media illegally; in other words you are copying and selling copyrighted media without the permission of the original owner (NiDirect, n.d.). With the massive growth of the internet and its ability to store and capture vast amounts of data, we have become much more reliable on information systems in all aspects of life, but it does notRead MoreOnline Piracy Essay3020 Words   |  13 Pagessuch as film, television and music overcome the threat of online piracy and file sharing? Author: XXXXXXX Tutor: XXXXXXXX The rise of the Internet era opened the whole new market for traditional media full of opportunities as well as threats. Online piracy being one of them because the music and film industry loses  £5.4bn in a year and if it was reduced by 10% it could have created up to 13 thousand jobs in the UK. There are various attempts taken to fight with online piracy; a caseRead MoreThe Digital Age And The Digital Age1405 Words   |  6 PagesAdditionally, the entertainment industry has seen it’s own ups and downs in this ever evolving digital era. The question to focus on is whether or not the ease of digital copying and distribution online interferes with the revenue available to record labels, productions companies, actors and artists. The focus of this paper will be if, and how, the digital age has affected the entertainment industry. It will look at copyright laws that come into play within the music and film industries, as well as discussingRead MoreEssay on International Copyright vs. Online Piracy1758 Words   |  8 Pagesof modern consumerism. Screens are everywhere, with people consuming more and more of the multimedia that corporations have to offer. Online piracy is the largest form of copyright theft. In order to find a solution to modern piracy, all countries involved have to reach a solution where their corresponding companies as well as their citizens are content. It’s an issue that involves anyone with internet access. Illegal file sharing has been a major global issue for over a decade, and despite all attempts

Causes of the American Civil War Essay - 1181 Words

The Civil War was caused by a myriad of conflicting pressures, principles, and prejudices, fueled by sectional differences and pride, and set into motion by a most unlikely set of political events. From the colonial period in America where the institution of slavery began, through the period of the revolution whereby blood was shed to validate the notion that all men were created equal (yet slavery existed in all thirteen colonies), to the era of the Civil War itself, it is undoubtedly clear that the main causative factor of the war was slavery itself. With that said, it is the objective of this brief essay to shed light on three of the causative factors that led to the Civil War while subsequently considering the question of whether or†¦show more content†¦Primarily, the north was concerned that the newly acquired western states of California, Arizona, and New Mexico from the Mexican War (mid 1800s), would become slave states and in turn would make it both politically and economically harder to contend with. Economically speaking, the northerners didnt favor the idea of further competition against slave labor, while politically speaking, the north was also concerned with the idea of an unbalanced legislature whereby the south would be the majority represented by slave-owning states. Therefore, as we come to a second cause of the Civil War, it is evidently clear that the socio-economic cause about to be discussed is directly related and consumed by enveloping factor of slavery. By the brink of the war (1860), the north and the south had become two disparate regions. The differences in political, social and economic views amongst the two regions continued to grow from the colonial period until the outbreak of the war (which served as a culminating expression of the supreme tension between the two areas). Despite the fact that each region attempted to impose their points of view on the other, compromise could only keep the country at bay for so long. Perhaps another cause of the war (as perhaps most widely viewed by theShow MoreRelatedCauses Of The American Civil War760 Words   |  4 PagesThe Civil War was one of the most momentous and pivotal periods in U.S history. After decades of tension between the North and South over matters involving expansion, slave ry, and the states rights these caused the beginning of a horrific devastating time known as the American Civil War, that lasted between 1861-1865. Within these 4 long barbaric and destructive years, it led to an innumerous amount of political, social, and economical changes for the U.S. Leaving 2.4 million dead and millionsRead MoreCause Of The American Civil War1403 Words   |  6 Pagesdebates on the causes of the American Civil War. Many have stated that slavery was the primary cause for the Civil War. Some historians have argued that there were other causes of the Civil War. The one thing that all historians agreed upon was the division between the North (known as the Union) and the South (known as the Confederacy) that escalated on the soil of the United States of America (In Stampp, 1965). The battle between the two states is what created the â€Å"American Civil War.† The AmericanRead MoreCauses of the American Civil War2672 Words   |  11 Pagesï » ¿ The American Civil War: Causes, Victor, and Validity Keagan Koerber History 205 Professor Childress December 9, 2014 The slightest mention of the American Civil War is enough to bring graphic and often horrifying images into one’s head: mountains of dead soldiers, amputations without anesthesia, and diseases running rampant. The Civil War was a war that no one wished for, it resulted in the deaths of several hundred thousand American lives, but it is often justified by itsRead MoreCauses Of The American Civil War1769 Words   |  8 PagesThe American Civil War was one of the most tragic events in American history. The American Civil War began on April 12, 1861 and ended on May 9, 1865. It was a bloody war between states. Hundreds of thousands of men died in the American Civil war. The war was fought between brothers and friends on each side. The issue of slavery was dividing the nation apart and it was a fight to death. The Confederate States of America seceded because they wanted slavery to continue and believed that they did notRead MoreThe Causes Of The American Civil War Essay2218 Words   |  9 PagesDay One: Grades: Elementary grade level 5th-6th Goal: Students will be able to identify the causes of the American Civil War. Objectives: 1. Students will be able to compare the cultures and economies of the Northern and Southern states. 2. Students will be able to summarize the main points of the Missouri Compromise, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, and the Declaration of Causes of the Seceding States. 3. Students will be able to discuss the actions of John Brown at Harpers Ferry and the reaction ofRead MoreThe Main Cause Of The American Civil War1047 Words   |  5 Pagesone main cause of the American Civil war must be resolved, and while there are many ideas, history reveals that there was only one. There are many arguable motives to the start of the Civil War, but there are four main concepts. These four concepts were slavery, taxation, the election of Abraham Lincoln and lastly, struggling with power between the Northern and Southern states. To start with, the end of slavery is undoubtedly one of the most popular arguments to the creation of the Civil War. WhileRead MoreThe Ultimate Causes Of The American Civil War941 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Civil War was a war fought within the United States of America between the North (Union) and the South (Confederacy) The war was one of the most critical events in American history. â€Å"It is estimated that 623,000 soldiers died during the Civil War†(Garrison) starting from 1861 and ending in 1865. While many still debate the ultimate causes of the Civil War, author James McPherson writes that, The Civil War started because of uncompromising differences between the free and slave statesRead MoreCauses of the American Civil War Essay1118 Words   |  5 Pagesversion of the civil war and even now I am just coming to a full understanding of the truth. The civil war was a terrible rift in our nation, fought between the northern states (known as the union) and the so uthern states (the Confederate States of America). The people’s opinions were so divided over the issues of the civil war that, in some families, brother was pit against brother. Eventually, the south succumbed to the north and surrendered on April 9th, 1865 but not before the war had caused 618Read MoreEssay on Cause of the American Civil War1732 Words   |  7 Pages The cause of the American Civil War has been a politicized subject for the past 152 years. There are many different theories for what the main cause is, however the best answer is an all of the above approach. The cause of the war that divided the nation cannot be narrowly defined into a single issue but each cause is affected and tied together. The main causes that resulted in the Civil War were the issue of nullification, tariffs, but most importantly just an overall difference in their waysRead MoreMajor Cause Of The American Civil War1224 Words   |  5 PagesMAJOR CAUSES OF THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR I. Introduction to Civil War The American Civil War was a war within the United States of America fought by the North (Union) and the South (Confederacy) starting from 1861 and ending in 1865. This war was one of the most devastating events in American history, consuming more than 600,000 lives. It was thought to be one that molded the character of the American individual today. This war was seen as a War for Southern Independence or War of Rebellion for the

Critical Analysis of Beowulf Free Essays

Grendel Deep within the earth, in the frigid darkness laid the mighty beast Grendel. His tall, grisly frame trembled as the melodious hymns floated down to his lair. The joyful music sounded like liquid gold and it stung Grendel’s ears. We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Analysis of Beowulf or any similar topic only for you Order Now He howled a mournful, drawn-out growl in pain. After several days of the Earthwalkers’ continuous celebration, Grendel was becoming steadily impatient, thirsting for retribution. How he longed to taste the bitter, metallic blood that coursed through their veins, and how his whole body ached to cause mayhem. The enormous demon was growing weary of hearing about how the world was created. He was tired of them drinking, and celebrating, all while he suffered within the black, bleak cave he was banished to. He would make them suffer, though. Grendel was a deft demon, and he was ready to demonstrate how powerful he truly was. Children of Cain, such as Grendel, do not often sit idly by, as those whom carouse the victories of the Gods that banished Grendel and his familiars to the Underworld. Forever was Grendel to be punished for the death of Abel, a crime of which he did not commit. To make matters worse, his familiars were on the losing end of the war against God’s creatures, thus casting them deeper within the shadows. However, that would not be the case today. It had gone on long enough. Grendel’s large feral body trembled in anticipation – he would strike them tonight. He would spill their blood in the streets and show them what such a mighty creature can do. Then, as the icy blanket of night crept across the Above World, Grendel emerged from his cavern. His muscular legs propelled him quickly across the grassy fields to Herot, and as he went, Grendel wondered how the warriors would be recuperating from their celebrations. As he approached Herot, he found all of the warriors scattered throughout, all in a deep sleep. As he stepped lightly on the ground, Grendel sniffed the air. A fowl stench of brandy mixed with the bitter scent of their sweat intoxicated Grendel. His canine ears perked as he heard the slow, rhythmic beating of each of their hearts. He walked among their numbers, gazing upon each potential victim and sizing them up. Who would provide the best kill? Who would give him the luscious blood he so eagerly wished to taste. Finally, he came upon the perfect victim – a boy, about to become a man, his warrior’s helmet was slightly askew on his sandy-colored hair. A silvery trail of drool slid from his lips and out onto the cold stone floor as he snored quietly. He had obviously never experienced battle, for his armor was made only of thin leather and had not even a fleck of dirt on it. Grendel’s black lips curled upwards as he gazed down upon his unknowing victim. The power of the demon could crush his skull in a second, splattering the boy’s hopes and dreams all across the stone floor. No, that would be too abrupt – and it wouldn’t be the warrior’s death that this boy obviously so eagerly desired. No, Grendel would enjoy this. So with one slash of his razor-sharp talons, the boys throat was cut. Long ribbons of scarlet ran down his almost severed head and down onto the floor. The instant his neck was cut, his eyes shot wide open in horror, staring for only a moment at his murderer. The fear, now etched eternally in his face, was like that of watching your worst nightmare transpire right in front of your eyes. That moment was everything Grendel wanted from his journey into mayhem. That single moment was what captured Grendel’s thirst and made it even stronger. Grendel licked the crimson beads from his claws and savored the coppery taste. He could feel it enter his body and it made him even stronger. Every one of his muscles throbbed in eagerness to slaughter more people, to taste more blood, and to incite even more fear. He moved swiftly between his victims, his footsteps barely making a whisper. After a few more throat cuttings, Grendel decided he would massacre more by crushing a few skulls. Moving up to one rather rotund warrior, he grasped the warrior’s head within his long fingers, and the instant Grendel felt the warrior awaken, he squeezed with tremendous force. Within that moment, the warrior’s body felt limp, his enormous weight now pulling Grendel’s arm down. The demon could feel the sharp fragments of bone and helmet inside his hand, and the warm, stickiness of the blood as it ran along his fingers. Over two dozen more, he did this to, before carrying all of their bodies back to his lair. On his way back, though, he made sure that they left a long river of blood towards his cavern. Grendel greatly anticipated the awakening of the other warriors. As soon as day broke, he was not disappointed – those whom Grendel had spared began to cry and moan as they discovered the fate of their loved ones and compatriots. Their joyous songs of celebration turned to marred hymns of lament. Now that was music to Grendel’s ears. In fact, the magnitude of excitement Grendel felt made it impossible for him to stay within his cavern that night. Just like he had done last night, he crept out of his lair and slaughtered even more of the warriors. As the months drew on, eventually the remaining warriors would try to combat Grendel, or run and hide. Each warrior, young or old, met the same fate as those Grendel had killed on his first night. A gruesome and gory death awaited any and all who Grendel wanted to kill. Years began to pass, and Herot became abandoned, thus making Grendel the only inhabitant. No longer were stories told of the creation of the world, but instead of Grendel’s power and hatred. 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Self-Efficacy on Adolescent Involvement in Health Promoting Behaviors

Questions: 1. The following two paragraphs are taken from Zunker (2012). The majority of the citations and references have been made up and added to the text to assist with your required task. You are required to reformat the following two paragraphs in APA style by using the references below to reformat the in-text citations (the numbers for each reference represent the works cited in text) and check presentation (e.g., paragraph indents) using the APA author-date method.2. The sentence below is taken from page 606 of your Psychology textbook by Burton, Westen, and Kowalski (2015). Your task is to format the sentence in APA style in two ways: (a) First, write this sentence as a direct quote from the authors, placing the citation details at the end of the sentence in parentheses; (b) second, use the active voice to introduce the same quotation as part of the The sentence follows below. From a behavioural perspective, many psychological problems involve conditioned emotional responses, in which a previously neutral stimulus has become associated with unpleasant emotions.3. The material below is found on page 417 of your Psychology textbook by Burton, Westen, and Kowalski (2015). Your task is to format this material as a direct quote from the authors in APA The material follows below. Our personality is not just our motives; nor is it just the way we solve problems or the ways we interact with other people. Personality is the way our motives, emotions and ways of thinking about ourselves, others and the world interact in particular situations to produce ways of responding that are characteristically ours.4. The sentence below is taken from your Psychology textbook by Burton, Westen, and Kowalski (2015). If you wanted to write about what these authors found but had not actually read the published (1965) article by Spiro, you would use a secondary citation to cite this research in your own Remember, you would usually rephrase the information in this sentence in your own words (i.e., paraphrase the meaning of the sentence, using your own words) and include an appropriate secondary citation formatted in APA style. However, the task here is to format the sentence below as a secondary citation. Defence mechanisms are generally considered properties of individuals, but some defences are patterned at a cultural level (Spiro, 1965). In APA style, you may place the secondary citation at the end of the sentence in parentheses, or you may introduce the concept as part of the narrative by placing the secondary citation at the beginning of the sentence as part of the narrative. 5.Reformat the following paragraphs in correct APA style. You do not need to paraphrase. In particular, note how to format the in-text citations; check for the proper use of and and ; check paragraph indentations; reformat abbreviations and acronyms; demonstrate the rules for numbers; use double line spacing; show correct use of Latin abbreviations; and demonstrate point form for a series of elements. Answers: 1. Career counselling was founded on the principle of individual differences in assets and strengths (Pinocchio Donk, 2010). Measures of individual traits were the primary focus of early career counselling (Pinocchio Donk, 2010). The major goal was to match an individuals assets and strengths with job requirements (Super, Parson, Cox, Holland, 2014). From these early beginnings, career counsellors gradually and carefully expanded the scope of human traits used in the career process (Super, Parson, Cox, Holland, 2014). In the meantime researchers built career development theories and counselling procedures currently being addressed in the career counselling process. Career development helps learners to form a strong base on what they aspire to be achieve, and realize in their future work positions. Current career counselling processes include a concerted effort to build an understanding of an individuals traits, aspirations, motives, preferred lifestyle, and career and personal concerns (Super, Parson, Cox, Holland, 2014; Thomas Butler, 2012). With the mindset that accompanies a holistic counselling approach, counsellors evaluate how individual problems and subsequent challenges are interrelated (Thomas, Butler, 2012; Zunker, 2001). The uniqueness of each individual is used to build tailored individualised intervention strategies (Gardner, Pickett, Brewer, 2000). Every person has a unique character that makes him outstanding and differentiable from the other people in a given setting. It is therefore very important for people to brand themselves differently from other so that it would be easy for anyone to differentiate them from other people when it comes to selection. 2. In 2015, Burton, Westen, and Kowalski noted From a behavioural perspective, many psychological problems involve conditioned emotional responses, in which a previously neutral stimulus has become associated with unpleasant emotions (P. 606). According to Burton, Westen, and Kowalski (2015), from a behavioural perspective, many psychological problems involve conditioned emotional responses, in which a previously neutral stimulus has become associated with unpleasant emotions (P. 606). 3. Our personality is not just our motives; nor is it just the way we solve problems or the ways we interact with other people. Personality is the way our motives, emotions and ways of thinking about ourselves, others and the world interact in particular situations to produce ways of responding that are characteristically ours. (Burton, Westen, and Kowalski,2015, p. 417). Personality brands the character of an individual as to whether ambitious, focused, helpful, or not ambitious and unfriendly towards helping people grow their talents to reality. Most peoples personality does not contribute to any extent on the success of other people who surround them due to their unwillingness to assist them achieve their dreams. Other people have been able to form a great personality in which they value the ideas, thoughts, and perceptions of other people when it comes to the implementation of key decisions in varying environments (Burton, Westen, and Kowalski, 2015, p. 420). 4. Majorly, defense mechanism is seen as part and parcel of an individual. However, in some cases defense is based on cultural perspectives (Spiro, 1965). Defense mechanisms prevent human beings from experiencing dangers in case of attacks from the enemy. Human beings are guarded by defense organs of the government as well as their private security agencies in case this is affordable and necessary. Peace brings harmony an liberty to the community and society at large and therefore the government through its public agencies employ defense mechanisms for the interest of public policy. According to Spiro, (1965), no one lives a life whereby no enemies surround him or her, this hence brings the need of valuing humanity by the relevant agencies of the government through offering security as at and every time. This ensures a peaceful coexistence in the society at large. 5. As noted by Burton, Westen Kowalski (2015), stress challenges individuals ability to adapt to both environmental and internal demands, often producing physical and emotional arousal. As such, chronic stress has a substantial effect on individuals psychological and psychological challenge. This presents a need for research to examine the impact of stress on the health of individuals. As per Burton, Westen, Kowalski, (2015), the culture, beliefs, attitudes, norms, and attitudes of people dictate the nature of behaviors that people from a certain community may form from their childhood. The age of childhood matters a lot and the environment over which people are raised at since this makes young people to either feel contented or even feel not born in the right place. The ability to be stressed makes people view their ecological positions as weird and not friendly towards the success and growth of their dreams. Coleborn, Bidgood Doherty (1995) examined the impact of stress on the health of eighty men and fifty women, aged 40 to 55 years old. Using a DHQ (daily hassles questionnaire) which comprised questions about the 10 most common daily hassles, the authors found that: People under stress often suffer from headaches, depression, and other health problems. Stress can have a direct effect on health by depressing the body to fight illness. Other debate is the impact of stress on health. Coleborn, Bidgood Doherty (1995) also found that stress is more likely to affect peoples health if people do not have adequate social support. Similarly, exercise can moderate the impact of stress on health, (for example, men and women who were physically unfit became ill when stressed).Unfortunately, people fail to carry out health-promoting behaviours for a variety of reasons, i.e., lack of knowledge or resources and unrealistic expectations about their chances of avoiding major health problems. References Archer, E. M., Archer, R. P., Hagan, L. D., Handel, R., Mason, J.(2002). MMPI-2-RF characteristics of custody evaluation litigants. Journal of Assessment, volume 19 (1), 14-20. Retrieved from https://asm.sagepub.com/ Ben-Porath, Y. S., Graham, J. R. (1995). Forensic applications of the MMPI-2: Vol. 2. Scientific bases of forensic applications of the MMPI-2. M. S. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA. Ben-Porath, Y. S, Graham, J. R., Hall, G. C, Hirschman, R. D. Zaragoza. Bolinskey, P. K., Nichols, D. S.(2011). Construct drift in the MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical scales: Further evidence and a possible historic example. Journal of Clinical Psychology, volume 67(3) 907- 917. Coyne, J. C., Kanner, A. D., Lazarus, R. S. Schaefer, C., (1981). Comparison of two modes of stress measurement: Daily hassles and uplifts versus major life events. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, volume 4(1), 1-39. doi:10.1007/BF00844845